ABSTRACT
Rhododendron molle G. Don, belonging to the Ericaceae family, is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This paper aimed to review the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of R. molle, and to discuss the tendency of future investigations on this plant. A systematic review of literature about R. molle was carried out using resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific data bases including CNKI, Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, and Web of Science. Over 67 compounds, including diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and lignans, had been extracted and identified from R. molle. The extracts/monomers isolated from the root, flower and fruits of this plant were used as effective agents for treating pains, inflammatory diseases, hypertension, and pest, etc. In addition, diterpenes, such as rhodojaponin III, were considered as the toxic agents associated with the toxicities of this plant. These findings will be significant for the discovery of new drugs from this plant and full utilization of R. molle.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Molecular Structure , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Toxicity , Plants, Medicinal , Rhododendron , ChemistryABSTRACT
Rhododendron molle G. Don, belonging to the Ericaceae family, is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This paper aimed to review the phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of R. molle, and to discuss the tendency of future investigations on this plant. A systematic review of literature about R. molle was carried out using resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific data bases including CNKI, Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, and Web of Science. Over 67 compounds, including diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and lignans, had been extracted and identified from R. molle. The extracts/monomers isolated from the root, flower and fruits of this plant were used as effective agents for treating pains, inflammatory diseases, hypertension, and pest, etc. In addition, diterpenes, such as rhodojaponin III, were considered as the toxic agents associated with the toxicities of this plant. These findings will be significant for the discovery of new drugs from this plant and full utilization of R. molle.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Molecular Structure , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Toxicity , Plants, Medicinal , Rhododendron , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective To study the effects of different parameters (thickness, orthodontic displacement, elastic modulus) of Invisalign on canine displacement and periodontal ligament (PDL) stress during mandibular canine intrusion treatment. Methods Forty-eight different Invisalign models were used to simulate canine intrusion treatment by using the finite element method. Results The initial displacement of the canine and stress on canine PDL were proportional to thickness, intrusion displacement, and elastic modulus of Invisalign. The intrusion displacement had the greatest influence on canine displacement. During canine intrusion treatment, the compressive stress on PDL was the most sensitive parameter and changed easily with the change of parameters. Conclusions The increase of Invisalign thickness, intrusion displacement and elastic modulus can increase canine displacement, however, the stress on PDL also increases, with the largest increasing magnitude in compressive stress on PDL. Therefore, to accelerate tooth movement in Invisalign treatment, it is suggested to use the assisted devices or measurements, such as attachment, supplement of bracket-wires treatment, or implant anchorage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effects of different parameters (thickness,orthodontic displacement,elastic modulus) from Invisalign on canine displacement and periodontal ligament (PDL) stress during mandibular canine intrusion treatment.Methods Forty-eight different Invisalign models were used to simulate canine intrusion treatment by using the finite element method.Results The initial displacement of the canine and stress on canine PDL were proportional to the thickness,intrusion displacement,and elastic modulus of the Invisalign,and the intrusion displacement had the greatest influence on canine displacement.During canine intrusion treatment,the compressive stress on PDL was the most sensitive and changed easily with the change of parameters.Conclusions The canine displacement may increase with the thickness,intrusion displacement and elastic modulus of Invisalign increasing,however,the stress on PDL will also increase,showing the largest increasing magnitude in compressive stress on PDL meanwhile.Therefore,to accelerate tooth movement in Invisalign treatment,it is suggested to use the assisted devices or some other measures such as attachment,supplement of bracket-wires treatment,or implant anchorage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effects of different parameters (thickness,orthodontic displacement,elastic modulus) from Invisalign on canine displacement and periodontal ligament (PDL) stress during mandibular canine intrusion treatment.Methods Forty-eight different Invisalign models were used to simulate canine intrusion treatment by using the finite element method.Results The initial displacement of the canine and stress on canine PDL were proportional to the thickness,intrusion displacement,and elastic modulus of the Invisalign,and the intrusion displacement had the greatest influence on canine displacement.During canine intrusion treatment,the compressive stress on PDL was the most sensitive and changed easily with the change of parameters.Conclusions The canine displacement may increase with the thickness,intrusion displacement and elastic modulus of Invisalign increasing,however,the stress on PDL will also increase,showing the largest increasing magnitude in compressive stress on PDL meanwhile.Therefore,to accelerate tooth movement in Invisalign treatment,it is suggested to use the assisted devices or some other measures such as attachment,supplement of bracket-wires treatment,or implant anchorage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare mechanical responses from mandibular canine with different movement types in orthodontic treatment with Invisalign. Methods Based on computed tomography images of the teeth and their supporting tissues, the finite element model of the mandible and periodontal ligaments was established. The translation, inclination and rotation movements of the canine in buccolingual direction were simulated to obtain displacements and stresses of the canine and periodontal ligaments under the three different movements. Results The initial movements of the canine and stress distributions on periodontal ligaments were mainly determined by different movement types of the canine. The stress distributions on periodontal ligaments were similar when the canine was in translation and inclination movements. The bodily movement trend of the canine was much larger in rotation movement than that in translation movement under the same displacement magnitude. Conclusions The mechanical responses and its degrees from canine would be different under different movement types. To get better understanding with such different responses can help design more reasonable orthodontic treatment with Invisalign, avoid the damage to periodontium and achieve the orthodontic treatment with less time.